CVE-2025-46727Unbounded-Parameter DoS in Rack::QueryParser

Official description

Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.14, 3.0.16, and 3.1.14, `Rack::QueryParser` parses query strings and `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` bodies into Ruby data structures without imposing any limit on the number of parameters, allowing attackers to send requests with extremely large numbers of parameters. The vulnerability arises because `Rack::QueryParser` iterates over each `&`-separated key-value pair and adds it to a Hash without enforcing an upper bound on the total number of parameters. This allows an attacker to send a single request containing hundreds of thousands (or more) of parameters, which consumes excessive memory and CPU during parsing. An attacker can trigger denial of service by sending specifically crafted HTTP requests, which can cause memory exhaustion or pin CPU resources, stalling or crashing the Rack server. This results in full service disruption until the affected worker is restarted. Versions 2.2.14, 3.0.16, and 3.1.14 fix the issue. Some other mitigations are available. One may use middleware to enforce a maximum query string size or parameter count, or employ a reverse proxy (such as Nginx) to limit request sizes and reject oversized query strings or bodies. Limiting request body sizes and query string lengths at the web server or CDN level is an effective mitigation.

Affected packages & fixed versions

Affected products (as reported)

References

• https://github.com/rack/rack/security/advisories/GHSA-gjh7-p2fx-99vx x_refsource_CONFIRM
• https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/2bb5263b464b65ba4b648996a579dbd180d2b712 x_refsource_MISC
• https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/3f5a4249118d09d199fe480466c8c6717e43b6e3 x_refsource_MISC
• https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/cd6b70a1f2a1016b73dc906f924869f4902c2d74 x_refsource_MISC